Novel Therapeutics in the Management of Autoimmune Disorders: A Narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64229/wcfsy429Keywords:
Autoimmune diseases, Biologicals, Cell therapies, Cell and gene therapy, JAK inhibitors, Individualized treatmentsAbstract
Autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases are common challenges to global health. Previous studies have emphasized that therapy with traditional immunomodulators relied on strategies of either immunosuppression or stimulation. However, new knowledge about immunity has led to treatments that are more effective at resolving the disease's pathways, with fewer serious side effects. As no immune disorder is static, this review focuses on current therapeutic strategies for immune disorders: biologics, small-molecule inhibition, cell therapy, and gene editing. Anti-Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and Interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors, for example, have been helpful in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis, cytokines being biologics. Small-molecule inhibitors, such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, are oral therapies used to manage conditions such as ulcerative colitis. Among the cellular therapies, the principles of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR T cell) therapy have the potential to reprogram the immune system for long-term control. Furthermore, gene editing technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapeutics are opening up the options for precise medicine. Biomarker-guided and pharmacogenomic treatment plans make the patient experience as effective as possible while minimising side effects. Some of the challenges identified include safety, cost, and accessibility thresholds for these therapies, as presented in the challenges and future directions section.
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